Higher Human Biology

General Information about the Course

The Course Specification from the SQA
What you need to know - very useful and detailed from page 38 of the online document onwards
https://www.sqa.org.uk/files_ccc/h-course-spec-human-biology.pdf


Past Papers- 
Higher Human Biology
http://www.sqa.org.uk/pastpapers/findpastpaper.htm?subject=Human+Biology&level=NH

Useful for revision- 

The Revised Higher Human Biology Past Papers are useful as the course is very similar to the new CfE course. There are three Revised papers on this website:https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/nl/coltnesshsscience/higher-biology/higher-human-biology-past-papers/

You will find some useful questions in the old Human Biology past papers - the course is pretty similar so for more practise you can try these-
https://mrssmithsbiology.wordpress.com/higher-human-biology/sqa-past-papers-and-marking-instructions/
or here
https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/er/SNHBiologyWebsite/courses/higher-human-biology/resources/past-papers/ (email me if you would like the answer sheets)

There are some suitable questions in this Hodder Gibson model paper- answers are at the end:
https://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/media/Documents/Gibson/Model%20Papers%202018/2018-H-Human-Bio.pdf  (miss out Multiple Choice Questions 15 and 16)

Understanding Standards - looking at how people answered last year's paper and seeing the marker's comments - https://www.understandingstandards.org.uk/Subjects/HumanBiology
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Unit 1 - Human Cells

1.1 Division and differentiation in human cells

Stem Cells Information - including exercise on page 7/8 regarding ethics of an experiment
https://www.abpischools.org.uk/topic/stem-cells/1/1

Stem Cells Repairing Heart Muscle
qu Stem cells repairing heart tissue - a British Heart Foundation Project - repairing damaged hearts after a heart attack using stem cells:




New skin from Stem Cells - remarkable story:
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/nov/08/scientists-grow-replacement-skin-for-boy-suffering-devastating-genetic-disorder

Heart Stem Cells Repair Muscle Damage
TV News Item:


Cornea Transplant
Stem cells from the cornea of the eye have also been used in the repair of cornea tissue on the surface of the eye..

 

Attrib: Rhcastilhos. And Jmarchn. / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)

Tissue stem cells (sometimes called adult stem cells) - and induced pluripotent -
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-a-stem-cell

Making a stem cell from a differentiated cell - an induced Pluripotent cell
This discovery is so important it won a Nobel Prize - probably the biggest prize in Science
http://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/ips-cells-and-reprogramming-turn-any-cell-body-stem-cell

Some stem cell experiments etc used frog eggs (sometimes known as oocytes) as they are large to handle. To find out a little more about frog spawn / tadpoles / frogs etc then have a look at this very short video - the commentary by the children in this video is actually quite interesting if you can manage to hear what they are saying:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgCL3JenMCs

Interesting company Stemcell Technologies Inc. https://www.stemcell.com/ - with a Stem Cell podcast as well https://stemcellpodcast.com/ - just giving you a flavour of how extensive this area of research is.

From Centre of the Cell :
Lots to explore about cells on here ...
http://www.centreofthecell.org/centre/?page_id=3&ks=3

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1.2 Structure and replication of DNA

Unit 1 Revision - BBC Bitesize 
http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/topics/z3rcwmn

DNA
DNA has a double helix structure but this was only discovered in the 1950s. This discovery led to three scientists, Watson, Crick and Wilkins gaining a Nobel prize in 1962. However another scientist, Rosalind Franklin, had carried out much of the research leading to this discovery. For background reading you might like to read these articles, (not completely essential for Higher Biology but interesting background reading and awareness of the recent history of science). It is so very recently that DNA structure was realised, and so many scientific advances and discoveries have then been possible as a result of this.
A couple of articles about the Story of Rosalind Franklin and her X-ray chromatography to find the structure of DNA :
http://womenshistory.about.com/od/sciencechemistry/p/franklin_dna.htm
http://dnaandsocialresponsibility.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/public-unveiling-of-frieze-celebrating.html
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Amazing Scale of DNA

This does not really come up in Higher, but this just gives an idea of the sheer scale of DNA. When you look at a chromosome you are looking at many many looped up sections of DNA! ______________________________

DNA in the Chromosomes

Here is an image of the chromosomes from a human cell - the 23 pairs of chromosomes make up what we call the Karyotype.  22 chromosomes are in matching pairs but note the last two chromosomes here do not match as this karyotype is from a male cell and these are the X and Y chromosomes.

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Details of DNA structure at 3' and 5' ends
You need to know what is at 3' end and 5' end of DNA so have a good look at the structure here :
 
Really good structure diagram of DNA - print it out and keep it (from Madeleine Price Ball)
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Some classic experiments :

• Chargaff's Discover of Characteristic ratio of Bases in DNA  He discovered that A and T were always in a 1:1 ratio as were G and C !  http://www.famousscientists.org/erwin-chargaff/
• Meselson and Stahl - semi conservative replication of DNA http://evilutionarybiologist.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/most-beautiful-experiment-in-biology.html

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DNA Replication
Animations of Leading Strand vs Lagging Strand :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEQMeP9GG6M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VefaI0LrgE
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DNA Replication
This is actually a good video and covers a lot - if you can get round his slightly cringe-worthy rap presentation ! it covers DNA replication - leading strand vs lagging strand - history etc
Of the enzymes I would just focus on knowing the DNA polymerase and the ligase for Higher - dont worry about others that are mentioned
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1L8Xb6j7A4w
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DNA Replication - Sanger Sequencing
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PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/pcr/index.cfm?age=Age%20range%2016-19&subject=Science%20in%20society
and
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter18/polymerase_chain_reaction.html

Nice website about PCR:
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-pcr-polymerase-chain-reaction

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1.3 Gene Expression

DNA to Protein - nice short video to explain ! Only 2 minutes !
https://youtu.be/gG7uCskUOrA

Transcription Animation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=8&v=Ikq9AcBcohA

Genetics plus Environment lead to phenotype

https://www.healthline.com/diabetesmine/twins-and-diabetes#3

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Control of Gene Expression Quiz

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1.4 Genes and proteins in health and disease

Mutations Caused by Radiation

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19245818
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Point Mutations Within Gene causing Incorrect Protein to form

with example of Haemoglobin in Sickle Cell Anaemia
http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/highersciences/biology/animations/mutations.asp 

Huntingdon's Disease:
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/huntingtons-disease/

Sickle Cell Trait and Sickle Cell Disease
Some blood cells - one has the sickle cell shape

Attrib: OpenStax College / CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)

From NHS website - Sickle Cell Disease - https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sickle-cell-disease/

Interesting homework worksheet on sickle cell disease:
https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/mendelian-genetics-probability-pedigree-and-chi-square-statistics
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Gene editing link - latest news
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1.5 Human genomics

DNA sequencing can be done using electrophoresis
Here is how to set up Gel Electrophoresis :

Experimentally setting up a gel electrophoresis :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vq759wKCCUQ

DNA Sequencing 
using chain terminating dideoxynucleotides
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This is an interesting article showing the future of genomics and personalised medicine - from Chris Edwards in "Engineering and Technology" magazine.
https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2017/01/medicine-looks-to-big-data-for-targeted-treatments/

The Human Genome Project
Completed in 2003 - up to 99% of genome had been sequenced by then. Here are some questions and answers about the project : https://www.genome.gov/11006943

1.6 Metabolic Pathways
Enzymes
Simple animation
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter5/proton_pump.html

Biochemical Pathway (or is it a jelly bean factory !!)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Vbm4__MMH4

Feedback Inhibition
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tka6TstuvuE

Competitive Inhibitors and Non-competitive Inhibitors of Enzymes
http://alevelnotes.com/enzyme-inhibitors/148

Enzymes and Pathways
http://textbookofbacteriology.net/regulation.html

Using Green Fluorescent Protein GFP - good video with Professor John Christie of University of Glasgow for SAP - http://www.saps.org.uk/secondary/teaching-resources/1400-interviews-with-scientists-gfp-and-reporter-proteins

Genetic Control - Jacob - Monod Hypothesis
E.Coli - lactose metabolism
A good video - tells you just a little bit more about the theory than you need but it helps to understand how cleverly evolved bacteria are in how they manage to use lactose as a food supply if they find some in their environment.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBwtxdI1zvk

1.7 Cellular Respiration

Glycoloysis
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter7/how_glycolysis_works.html

Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter7/how_the_krebs_cycle_works.html

The last stage : Electron Transport Chain
The proton pump (H+ ions and ATP Synthase)
A nice animation :
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter7/electron_transport_system_and_atp_synthesis.html

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1.8 Energy systems in muscle cells

Fast twitch / slow twitch muscles http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/fastandslowtwitch/soleus.shtml

From Nerd Fitness - fast twitch / slow twitch muscles and athletics 
https://www.nerdfitness.com/blog/fast-twitch-vs-slow-twitch-what-kind-of-muscles-do-you-want/

Creatine and muscles 
https://www1.udel.edu/chem/C465/senior/fall00/Performance1/phosphocreatine.htm.html


Unit 2 - Physiology and Health

2.1 The structure and function of reproductive organs and gametes and their role in fertilisation

Ovary
Ovary diagram - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_changes_in_ovary.svg
On this wikipedia page is an interesting picture from Gray's Anatomy (a famous anatomy book) - a drawing of the Corpus luteum and different stages in egg production in an ovary - 
The numbering of the diagram shows at: 5 = follicles in their earliest stage. 7 and 8 = developing follicles. 9 = an almost mature follicle and 9' = a follicle which has just released an egg (ovum).  10 = the Corpus Luteum !
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_luteum
Henry Vandyke Carter / Public domain
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1163.png
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2.2 Hormonal control of reproduction 

Hormones
An excellent resource about hormones here - has an animation of the menstrual cycle here - v good showing hormones etc

https://www.abpischools.org.uk/topics/hormones-and-their-effects/sex-hormones-the-menstrual-cycle/

Quiz on hormones and endocrine glands:

https://www.abpischools.org.uk/topics/hormones-and-their-effects/where-are-the-endocrine-glands/
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QUIZ on First two sections of Unit 2 :



Click here to try the Quiz
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VERY GOOD VIDEO ON THE HORMONES CONTROLLING MENSTRUAL CYCLE
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zs9hb82/video



2.3 The biology of controlling fertility

IVF
Louise Brown - the world's first "test tube baby" born in 1978
https://babyology.com.au/pregnancy/getting-pregnant/ivf/the-worlds-first-ivf-baby-turns-40-today/

2.4 Ante and Post Natal Screening

Screening Test vs Diagnostic Test
https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/disease-causation-diagnostic/2c-diagnosis-screening/screening-diagnostic-case-finding

A bit about Huntington's disease - which has Autosomal Dominant inheritance
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/huntingtons-disease/

Sickle Cell Trait and Sickle Cell Disease
Some blood cells - one has the sickle cell shape

Attrib: OpenStax College / CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)

From NHS website - Sickle Cell Disease - https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sickle-cell-disease/

2.5 The structure and function of arteries, capillaries and veins


2.6 The structure and function of the heart 

Simple animation of movement of blood through heart:
https://www.abpischools.org.uk/full-screen-animation/597/592

The Cardiac Cycle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tUWOF6wEnk

Interpreting a cardiac cycle graph
a bit difficult to listen to and graphics not the best but it does help explain it all if you listen!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJi3G_kf8yA

Animation of Sino atrial node / AV node etc -
https://www.abpischools.org.uk/full-screen-animation/598/594

Atrial Fibrillation / Heart Beat / Sinus node (Sino-atrial node)
https://www.healthination.com/health/what-is-atrial-fibrillation


Excellent animation although would be nice to be able to slow it but get used to the cycle and pick one part of it eg ventricular systole and spot where it appears on the various traces...
Thanks to Dr Jana for this great animation - also at:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cardiac-Cycle-Animated.gif

Very good animation of the HEART
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3IrjBWhdZ6s

Explaining electrocardiograms (ECG)
More info that you need but interesting
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygsvAZVA6sc

ECG - from the NHS - good information
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/electrocardiogram/

Heart Attack - information from the NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-attack/

Aortic valve replacement (you may find this of interest)
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/aortic-valve-replacement/

Heart cells beating automatically in a petri dish
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bjn3TwMr4xs
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfxCJji_RHo
2.7 Pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) 

NHS page for atherosclerosis

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Atherosclerosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx

Deep Vein Thrombosis - just some info to read:

http://www.flinterventionalspecialists.com/venous-diseases/deep-vein-thrombosis-dvt/

Anti-coagulant - Warfarin and its effect on Vitamin K

A study from Finland of diet improving health and reducing CVD -https://www.knowablemagazine.org/article/health-disease/2018/finlands-bold-push-change-heart-health-nation?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=ad-1&utm_campaign=paid-march

Some Cholesterol Information
https://www.heartuk.org.uk/cholesterol/overview _____________________________

Artery Explorer Video - including cholesterol etc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBf59Z8tgA0

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2.8 Blood glucose levels and obesity

What can happen if you have untreated Type 2 Diabetes - peripheral nerves and capillaries can be affected:
(perhaps need a warning that if you are at all squeamish that someone has had their foot amputated. ..but it has healed)

The Liver

A mind map of what the liver does, though I think its really just the glucose/glycogen that is useful for Higher Human Biology:

The Kidney

My diagram to attempt to further explain where exactly water, salts, urea etc get re-absorbed while passing through the kidneys 

Diabetes - Type 1
https://www.diabetes.co.uk/type1-diabetes.html

Diabetes - loads of stuff here
https://www.abpischools.org.uk/topic/diabetes/1/1

Jamie Oliver Sugar Rush programme showing how diabetes causes vascular disease:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq386inJ1v4

Diabetes / Type 2 Diabetes Understanding Type 2 Diabetes - YouTube

Glucose tolerance curves: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CT1xBpWjICY

BMI Chart https://bmicalculator.mes.fm/bmi-chart

Unit 3 - Neurobiology and Immunology  


1 Divisions of the nervous system and neural pathways
No resources
CNS / autonomic etc
converging/diverging etc

2 The Cerebral Cortex

PET Scans for imaging the brain - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrTy03O0gWw

fMRI - Functional MRI scanning
Really detailed MRI scan of the brain ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVWeymAoAaI

Scanning of different areas of the brain used to communicate with a man who appeared to be in a vegetative state - https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/03/vegetative-state-patient-communication

Using calmed brain waves - Mindflex Mind Control Game - toy of 2009 !
worth watching !! 2 minute video !

Visual perception slides (not in new course 2019?)- https://www.slideshare.net/wilfreddextertanedo/arts-visual-perception-lecture-1

Brain Ports - to help you build new neural pathways eg to restore sense of balance or even to give spatial awareness to those who have lost their sight (I am not sure if the people had to originally have sight in order to restore spatial awareness ... I have not read this bit yet but it is interesting)
https://www.wicab.com/

left/right brain ....  no resources yet

3 Memory
Encoding/storage/retrieval etc / sensory memory / STM / LTM

Primacy and Recency effects Try the absolute classic TV programme The Generation Game Conveyor Belt Game - watch the whole conveyor belt then see how many you can remember - write them down then watch again and see which ones you missed and where they came in the order on the conveyor belt:
Watch Clip on YouTube
Try questions 9 and 10 main paper 2011
Also Question 11 main paper - 2012

4 The Cells of the Nervous system and Neurotransmitter at Synapses

Structure of axons/ myelin etc - no resources yet
Neurotransmitters at synapses
Acetylcholine neurotransmitter

In this video it shows Acetylcholine neurotransmitter crossing the synapse between and nerve and a muscle cell. Dont worry about the details but listen out for Acetylcholine and Acetylcholinesterase enzyme which breaks down the AcetylCholine. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmEWhSSeZ0s

Neurotransmitter effects on mood and behaviour:
Endorphins
Dopamine / Reward pathway

Opium Poppies at Kew Gardens - source of opioid painkillers

Methamphetamine drug use and effects of brain - see the Drug Tolerance: https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/brainchange/
The action of some drugs - seen in various mice - an interactive webpage https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse/
5 Non Specific Body Defences

The Scale of Cells, Bacteria and Viruses etc.

A nice interactive example - use the slider to change the scale to show the size of various things like cells and viruses.
Spot the size of the prokaryotic bacteria E.coli versus the eukaryotic human cell examples :
https://learngendev.azurewebsites.net/content/cells/scale/

How Cilia work -  https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/zywc87h

Epithelial tissue video - The first 1 minute 40 seconds are relevant...



6 Specific Cellular Defences Against Pathogens
see Q2 main paper - 2011 

Allergies
Mostly B lymphocyte response
https://www.immunology.org/policy-and-public-affairs/briefings-and-position-statements/allergy

Global Epidemics and Emergencies
Really interesting lecture to IIEA by Dr Mike Ryan of the World Health Organisation (WHO) given in 2017 after a big ebola outbreak in west Africa. The whole lecture is interesting but the most relevant parts are the first 17 minutes roughly.

Viruses - Coronavirus - Mutations - how they spread from animals - interesting video

Using Antibodies in Plasma
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/07/plasma-from-coronavirus-survivors-found-to-help-severely-ill-patients

Some interesting slides on the plague / black death - historically interesting - though not necessary at all for the Human Biology course as such but good general knowledge about a disease that still occurs around the world today
https://www.slideshare.net/jmarazas/chapter-9-section-5-notes


7 Immunisation

Immunisation
A bit of history of Polio vaccine - and some others on there too:
https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/polio-vaccine


Two good videos on Herd Immunity :


UK Loses its "Measles Free" Status
WHO - https://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/publications/hps-weekly-report/volume-53/issue-34/uk-loses-measles-free-status/
New Scientist https://www.newscientist.com/article/2213764-the-uk-has-lost-its-world-health-organization-measles-free-status/
BBC - https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-49507253

Antigenic Variation
H1N1 Influenza fact sheet
https://morgridge.org/outreach/teaching-resources/virology-immunology/influenza-virus-h1n1-fact-sheet/

8 Clinical Trials of Vaccines and Drugs
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Interesting with this article about Covid-19 / Coronavirus vaccine trial to read about how "the placebo" was used - in this case another vaccination (if this article is no longer here I have a transcript so just email me for information)
http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-04-23-oxford-covid-19-vaccine-begins-human-trial-stage#

Specialist links re SARS-CoV-2 - Coronavirus - of interest .. but not prob essential for H. Human Biol

Amino acid classifications for sequencing :
http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/education/AminoAcid/the_twenty.html
and using that code in this comparison of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS one - quite a lot of differences I would have thought - but perhaps as viruses have no RNA or DNA sequence checking mechanism that is why?!
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00129

The whole Genetics and mutations accumulating in SARS-CoV-19 tracked by time and country
https://www.gisaid.org/epiflu-applications/next-hcov-19-app/

Chemiluminescent Immunoassay
video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHbcvBGfzMM

also there is a good video on Neutralisation assay - it is near the top on the Adv H Biology page on here ....

Lateral Flow Immunoassay - also known as a Rapid Diagnostic Test:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z07CK-4JoFo

Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification
video explaining this technology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5zi2P4lggw